Narration Changing Theory Part-01
Narration and its
Changing Theory (Part-01)
However, today,I am going to discuss over the classes of narration
and
the changing methods of
speeches from direct to indirect. Here, I will show you an excellent method
of changing speeches from direct to indirect. You will get it the easiest and
successful method you have ever learn t.
Of course, you and me
both are bored with the bookish theory of it on various grammar books. I am not
against those methods but want to discover a new theory of narration learning.
So, let’s start our discussion now on the primary ideas of narration and its changing rules. But, this lesson covers a wide area in English grammar. So, I
will discuss it through several lessons. And this is the 1st part of narration and its changing method.
As I have told you before that there are two categories of speeches. One is direct speech and another one is indirect speech. So, we can classify narration into 2 classes:
As I have told you before that there are two categories of speeches. One is direct speech and another one is indirect speech. So, we can classify narration into 2 classes:
Direct speech is the original speech of the speaker without
any change in it.
Indirect speech is the transformed speech by someone else who is telling it mixing his/her self-expression within it.
For clear idea, have a look on this conversation:
Direct speech: He said to me, ‘‘You will stay here till I do not come back.’’ I replied, ‘‘yes, I am waiting for you here.’’ ‘‘Please come back soon.’’, I said.
Indirect speech is the transformed speech by someone else who is telling it mixing his/her self-expression within it.
For clear idea, have a look on this conversation:
Direct speech: He said to me, ‘‘You will stay here till I do not come back.’’ I replied, ‘‘yes, I am waiting for you here.’’ ‘‘Please come back soon.’’, I said.
(The speeches given here are in direct form
without changing any element of the original speaker-
Indirect speech: He said to me that I would stay there till he did not come back. I replied in affirmative and said that I was waiting there. I requested him to come back soon.
(The speeches given here are in indirect form
changing the original version told by the speaker
Now, I hope you have no problem in understanding the direct speech and indirect speech. Have you noticed that in direct speech, there are inverted commas (‘‘ ’’) before and after the speech. But in indirect speech, there is no inverted commas and the conjunction ‘that’ is used in connecting sentences.
Now, the major task of us in this lesson is to change speeches from direct to indirect and now I want to tell you how you will do that step by step-
The entire part of the narration that means the sentences can be divided into two parts:
1. Reporting Verb
2. Reported Speech
See this example here:
He said to me,
|
‘‘I have competed my
homework today.’’
|
Reporting Verb
|
Reported Speech
|
Reporting Verb – the part in which you will identify the
speaker and the listener of the speech and the expression in speech. The
expression means whether the speech is an assertive sentence, interrogative
sentence, imperative sentence, optative sentence or an exclamatory sentence.
Moreover, this part can be placed at the first position or at the last
position.
Reported Speech – the speech that is told by the speaker and this part is included within the inverted commas (‘‘ ’’).
Now, I am introducing you to an interesting theory that will show you how to transform direct speech into indirect speech. In this theory, you will learn which elements should be changed during transformation.
Now learn the parts and their meanings of the
theory for better understanding:
Explanation of the structure:
R.V.= Reporting Verbs
R.S .= Reported Speech
V= Verb
P= Person
T= Tense of Verbs
A= Adverbials
Example of the logic:
According to the theory, you have seen that in ‘reporting verb’, you have to change the ‘verb’ only.
But in ‘reported speech’, you have to change 3 elements such as ‘person’, ‘tense of verbs’, and ‘adverbials’.
Explanation of the structure:
R.V.= Reporting Verbs
R.S .= Reported Speech
V= Verb
P= Person
T= Tense of Verbs
A= Adverbials
Example of the logic:
According to the theory, you have seen that in ‘reporting verb’, you have to change the ‘verb’ only.
But in ‘reported speech’, you have to change 3 elements such as ‘person’, ‘tense of verbs’, and ‘adverbials’.
There are some certain rules of changing these elements during transformation of narration. Now, concentrate on these points carefully and attentively.
Now see an example in sentence:
Verb
|
person
|
Tense of verb
|
Person
|
Adverbial
|
|||
He
|
said to
|
me,
|
‘‘I
|
Have competed
|
my
|
homework
|
today’’.
|
Reporting verb
|
Reported speech
|
Now according to the sentence, we have to
change the elements such as:
‘Verb’ in Reporting verb=Said to
‘Verb’ in Reporting verb=Said to
‘Persons’ in Reported speech= I, my
‘Tense
of verb’ in Reported speech= have completed
‘Adverbials’ in Reported speech= today
After changing the elements, the indirect speech will be:
He said to me that he had completed his
homework that day.
Note:
Notice that there is no inverted commas (‘‘ ’’) in indirect speech and a conjunction ‘that’ is used to connect two sentences.
But the question you should ask me now that how you will change these elements?
Let’s learn the rules of changing all the elements:
How to change ‘verb’ in Reporting Verb?
You have to firstly observe the speech in inverted commas (‘‘ ’’). Because according to the type or kind of the sentence in speech, you have to change your ‘verb’ in ‘reporting verb’.
Here is a simple chart of the forms of verbs:
Reporting Verbs
|
Reported
Speeches
|
said to/replied/ told
|
(Assertive
sentence)
|
ask/asked/inquired of
|
(Interrogative
sentence)
|
order/ordered
request/requested
advise/advised
|
(Imperative
sentence)
|
wish/wished for
pray/prayed for
|
(Optative
sentence)
|
exclaim/exclaimed with
joy/sorrow /wonder
|
(Exclamatory sentence)
|
Today, I will only discuss over the function
of Assertive sentences. The rest categories are discussed on next
lesson Narration and its Changing Theory(Part-02). You can read that lesson by clicking on the link above.
How to change ‘Persons’ in reported speech?
You know that there are 3 kinds of persons in English language such as first person (I, we, me, us, my, our), second person (you, you, your), and third person (he, she, they, it, him, her, them, it, his, her, their, its). Here, you have to change the form of person in ‘reported speech’ following the form of subject and object in ‘reporting verb’.
Notice the chart here:
How to change ‘Persons’ in reported speech?
You know that there are 3 kinds of persons in English language such as first person (I, we, me, us, my, our), second person (you, you, your), and third person (he, she, they, it, him, her, them, it, his, her, their, its). Here, you have to change the form of person in ‘reported speech’ following the form of subject and object in ‘reporting verb’.
Notice the chart here:
Reporting verb
|
Reported speech
|
Will be followed by
Subject
|
1st person
|
Will be followed by
Object
|
2nd person
|
No change
|
3rd person
|
Notice
these examples:
Direct: He
said to me, ‘‘You have
sent me a
nice gift for them yesterday.’’
Indirect: He
said to me that I had
sent him a
nice gift for them the
previous day.
Note: Here
in ‘reported speech’,
the persons are ‘you’, ‘me’,
and ‘them’.
The 2nd person
‘you’ have followed the object
of reporting verb ‘me’ and
become ‘I’.
in the same way, the 1stperson
‘me’ has followed the subject
of reporting verb ‘he’ and
become ‘him'.
But the third person ‘them’ has
not been changed.
I
can imagine that you have got another one question in your mind.
Yes,
it is about the changing forms of person, right?
You
have to use the form of persons such
as subjective, objective,
and possessive forms as
it is given in ‘reported speech’. For an example, in the sentence above, you
have got the 1st person
‘me’ in reported speech that will follow the subject of the reporting verb ‘he’.
But you cannot write the same form as it given in reporting verb.
You must change the form of person into the form that is given in ‘reported speech’. This is why, the person in reporting verb ‘he’ has been changed into ‘him’ and put down in the place of ‘me’. The form has been changed from subjective to objective as the original form in 'reported speech' is objective form.
You must change the form of person into the form that is given in ‘reported speech’. This is why, the person in reporting verb ‘he’ has been changed into ‘him’ and put down in the place of ‘me’. The form has been changed from subjective to objective as the original form in 'reported speech' is objective form.
If
you have no clear idea of the forms of person, you must read the lesson ‘Person and its classifications’ before.
How
to change
‘Tense of verb’ in reported speech?
‘Tense of verb’ in reported speech?
Generally,
we are to transform the present
tense into past
tense in case of verb changing
in the ‘reported speech’. But, always remember, if there is two verbs (modal
auxiliary verb+ principal verb), you will change only the first
part of the verb.
Here,
I am giving a chart for your clear understanding
Direct speech
|
Indirect speech
|
Present
Indefinite/continues/perfect/perfect
continues tense
|
Past
Indefinite/continues/perfect/perfect
continues tense
|
Past indefinite tense
|
Past perfect tense
|
Past continues tense
|
Past perfect continues
tense
|
Past perfect tense
|
No change
|
Past perfect continues
tense
|
No change
|
(Future tense)
Shall/will
|
Would
|
Can
|
Could
|
May
|
Might
|
Must
|
Must/had to/
|
Here
are examples:
Direct: You
said to me,‘‘ I am helping you
in this problem.’’
Indirect: You
said to me that you were helping me
in that problem.
Direct: I
said to you, ‘‘He will
help you in this problem.’’
Indirect: I
said to you that he would help you
in that problem.
By
the way, If you have no clear idea of tenses, you must read the lesson ‘Tense and its classifications’ before
in order to have a better understanding.
Now,
we will discuss the last element of our theory. Yes, it is adverbials.
But there is no rule at all. You have to memorize certain phrases which will be
transformed in indirect speech.
Here is the chart of the Adverbials
Direct speech
|
Indirect speech
|
This
|
That
|
these
|
Those
|
Here
|
There
|
Hence
|
Thence
|
Hither
|
Thither
|
Come
|
Go
|
Ago
|
Before
|
Thus
|
So
|
So
|
That is why
|
This day
|
That day
|
Today
|
That day
|
To night
|
That night
|
Tomorrow
|
The next/following day
|
Yesterday
|
The previous day
|
Last
night/day/week/month/year
|
The previous
night/day/week/month/year
|
Next
day/week/month/year
|
The following
day/week/month/year
|
The day after tomorrow
|
In two days time
|
The day before
yesterday
|
Two days before
|
In
a direct speech, you may get more than one or two adverbials. Just change those
as directed in this chart.
Now,
imagine a magic!
Yes,
you have learn t the transformation theory
of narration from direct speech to
indirect speech. And the magical point is that, you can successfully change the
narration even the meaning of the sentence is not clear to you. Because, you
have to change only 3 elements from
the reported speech such as persons,
tense of verb, and adverbials.
And
you have learnt all those elements. There is nothing else and you will have no
problem to recognize the persons, tenses, or adverbials in a sentence. The
other parts of the sentence will be constant. So, you can change a speech even
without knowing the complete meaning of it.
So,
the steps of your transformation of narration will be as follows:
·
Observe the sentence category of the
‘reported speech’ and select the ‘verb’ for your ‘reporting verb’.
·
Mark the persons and change
·
Mark the tense of verb and change
·
Mark the adverbials and change
Finally,
I would like to inform you 2
major facts, you must know…
01. If the ‘verb’ in ‘reporting verb’ is in present tense or future tense, your tense of verb in‘reported speech' will be unchanged but the other elements such as persons and adverbials will be changed.
For an example:
Direct: He says/will
say to me,‘‘ I can help
you when you are in
a problem.’’
Indirect: He says/will
say to me that he can help
me when I am in
a problem.
02.
The ‘reporting verb' may
be in the beginning or at the end of the speech. But when you will transform it
into indirect, you must put it in the beginning of the sentence.
For an example:
Direct: ‘‘I
feel helpless during my exams’’, he
said to me.
Indirect: He
said to me that he felt helpless
during his exams.
No
more today. I will come soon with the next part of the lesson Narration
and its Changing Rules.
In next lesson on Narration and its Changing Theory(Part-02), I have discussed over the changing theory of all kinds of sentences from direct speech to indirect speech.
In next lesson on Narration and its Changing Theory(Part-02), I have discussed over the changing theory of all kinds of sentences from direct speech to indirect speech.
If
you face any problem in understanding this lesson, let me know on comment
section below.
Thank
you very much.
Wonderful task but you it will be more effective for the student that how many things are changed to change narration in a chart... thanks a lot
ReplyDelete